Diagnosing Myelofibrosis: What to Expect From a Bone Marrow Biopsy

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Bone Marrow Biopsies for Myelofibrosis

  • Bone marrow biopsies are one of the tests used to confirm a diagnosis of myelofibrosis, a rare type of bone marrow cancer.
  • During the biopsy, a needle is inserted into center of the bone in order to extract marrow for testing.
  • The procedure can be painful and patients may be given a mild sedative, pain medication, and a local anesthetic to help manage the pain. Typically, pain is only felt during the procedure and patients do not have side effects afterwards.
  • In some cases, patients may opt to be fully or partially sedated for the biopsy.

Several tests are often used to diagnose myelofibrosis, a rare type of bone marrow cancer. This may include a bone marrow biopsy, an assessment of symptoms, blood work, genetic testing, and/or imaging tests (like an MRI).

Bone marrow biopsies are helpful to diagnose the disease — which is part of a group of disorders known as myeloproliferative neoplasms — because these samples taken from the marrow can be studied in a lab and used to confirm a myelofibrosis diagnosis.

While this is a necessary test, patients should be aware that the biopsy itself can be uncomfortable and they will likely deal with some pain.

What Happens During a Bone Marrow Biopsy?

During the biopsy, bone marrow will be extracted through a needle so doctors can run tests on it in a lab.“Unfortunately, a bone marrow biopsy is a painful procedure,” Dr. Abdulraheem Yacoub, a hematologist at University of Kansas Medical Center, tells SurvivorNet. “It will require inserting a needle through the thick part of the bone in order to go to the center of the bone and extract some of the bone marrow for examination.”

Is a Bone Marrow Biopsy Painful?

The process of inserting a needle into the bone can be painful, as can the process of removing the marrow, Dr. Yacoub says.

Typically, a bone marrow biopsy will be performed in a clinic, and patients will be given some sort of sedative and other medications to help them cope with the pain from the procedure.

“Most of the time we perform this in the clinic with mild sedation and some pain medicines, as well as local anesthetic,” Dr. Yacoub says. “With the combination of all of this, most patients can tolerate that with some sensation of pressure rather than pain.”

In certain cases, patients may opt to be partially or completely sedated. It’s important to discuss these options with your doctor to ensure you feel as comfortable as possible during the bone marrow biopsy.

The good news is that patients don’t typically have issues with pain or other side effects after the procedure.

Possible Complications of a Bone Marrow Biopsy

With any procedure, there is the potential for complications — and bone marrow biopsies are no different.

“The pain is usually only during the actual active part of the procedure,” Dr. Yacoub says. “It is very unlikely that the patient will have any symptoms after the biopsy. But, of course, some procedures have complications such as bleeding or other issues that could occur.”

If you experience any of the following symptoms in the days after a biopsy, contact your healthcare provider immediately:

  • Bleeding
  • Fever
  • Worsening pain or discomfort
  • Swelling at procedure site
  • Increasing redness or drainage at procedure site

“Patients should contact their physicians immediately if they are having pain after the procedure — [since] it’s not an expectation,” Dr. Yacoub adds.

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Imetelstat Displays Early Efficacy in Myelofibrosis; Phase 3 Trial Is Underway

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Kyle Doherty

Patients with myelofibrosis have limited effective treatment options and a poor prognosis. However, the first-in-class telomerase inhibitor imetelstat is poised to expand the treatment armamentarium should it prove safe and effective in the newly initiated phase 3 IMpactMF trial (NCT04576156).1,2

Three FDA-approved treatment options are available for myelofibrosis: ruxolitinib (Jakafi), pacritinib (Vonjo), and fedratinib (Inrebic).1,3 However, a significant portion of patients discontinue treatment with 1 or more of these JAK inhibitors and the median overall survival (OS) with these agents ranges from 11 to 16 months, underscoring the need for more effective alternatives.1,3

“Not a lot of the therapies that we give are clearly anticlonal or antistem cell; [imetelstat] is a stem cell–directed therapy,” John O. Mascarenhas, MD, director of the Center of Excellence for Blood Cancers and Myeloid Disorders and professor of medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, New York, said in an interview with OncologyLive®. “Telomerase is a great target because it is overexpressed constitutively in the myelofibrosis stem cells and only transiently in the normal stem cells. It adds these telomere repeats to chromosomes; every time cells divide you lose a certain amount of these caps, then the cells go into a quiescent state or undergo apoptosis. This is a way of leveling the playing field so that you no longer allow this sort of mechanism of immortality to the malignant stem cells.”

Imetelstat Shows Early-Stage Activity

Imetelstat was evaluated in patients with relapsed or refractory intermediate-2 or high-risk myelofibrosis at 2 dose levels in the phase 2 IMbark trial (NCT02426086). IMbark enrolled patients previously treated with a JAK inhibitor who had disease progression and an ECOG performance status of 2 or less, among other enrollment criteria. Those who were intolerant to a JAK inhibitor were not enrolled unless they satisfied the relapsed- or refractory-related criteria.3

Patients were randomly assigned to receive the active dose of imetelstat, which was determined in a pilot study to be 9.4 mg/kg (n = 59) or the minimally active dose with telomerase target engagement of 4.7 mg/kg (n = 48). The agent was given via a 2-hour intravenous infusion once every 3 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, consent withdrawal, or lack of response.

The coprimary end points of the trial were 24-week spleen and symptom response rates. Secondary end points included OS, safety, and clinical improvement. Molecular response and changes in telomerase activity and human telomerase reverse transcriptase levels served as exploratory end points.

Findings showed that the 24-week spleen response rate was 10.2% and the 24-week symptom response rate was 32.2% among patients who received the 9.4 mg/kg dose. In the 4.7-mg/kg cohort, the 24-week rates were 0% and 6.3%, respectively. At a median follow-up of 27.4 months, the median OS was 29.9 months (95% CI, 22.8-not estimable [NE]) and 19.9 months (95% CI, 17.1-NE) in the 9.4-mg/kg and 4.- mg/kg cohorts, respectively. The 12-month survival rate was 84.0% (95% CI, 71.6%-91.4%) vs 78.6% (95% CI, 63.9%-87.9%), respectively. The 24-month survival rate was 57.5% (95% CI, 43.2%-69.5%) vs 41.8% (95% CI, 27.1%-55.8%), respectively.3

Patients treated at either dose level experienced benefit with imetelstat if they displayed at least 1 grade or higher improvement in bone marrow fibrosis. Patients who showed improvement (n = 19) experienced a median OS of 31.6 months (95% CI, 23.6-NE) compared with 24.6 months (95% CI, 18.4-NE) among 38 patients who showed no improvement (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.23-1.29).

The study authors noted that imetelstat displayed an acceptable safety profile for this patient population. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) of any grade in the lowerdose arm included diarrhea (38%), anemia (31%), nausea (31%), and peripheral edema (27%). In the 9.4-mg/kg arm, common any-grade TEAEs included thrombocytopenia (49%), anemia (44%), neutropenia (36%), and nausea (34%).3

TEAEs of grade 3 or worse severity in the 4.7-mg/kg arm included anemia (31%), thrombocytopenia (23%), and dyspnea (13%); in the higher-dose arm, grade 3 or higher TEAEs were thrombocytopenia (41%) anemia (39%), and neutropenia (32%).3

“The myelosuppression that’s there is manageable,” Mascarenhas said. “Other than that, [imetelstat] doesn’t have a significant signal of toxicity from nonhematologic aspects. We didn’t see real concerns from the pattern of toxicity, which was originally a concern for the drug. Sometimes you get some low-grade gastrointestinal toxicity, but I have to say it’s very rarely a reason for concern or discontinuation. From a nonhematologic standpoint, it seems well tolerated.”

The study authors concluded that imetelstat displayed clinical benefits with potential disease-modifying activity at the 9.4-mg/kg dose level and that the novel telomerase mechanism of action offers a new treatment option for patients with myelofibrosis that may alter the course of their disease.3

Notably, imetelstat also has shown activity in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), a cousin of myelofibrosis, according to Mascarenhas. Patients with low- or intermediate-1–risk MDS achieved significant and durable transfusion independence when treated with imetelstat compared with placebo, according to topline findings from the phase 3 IMerge trial (NCT02598661).4

Data from the primary analysis of IMerge showed that patients treated with imetelstat (n = 118) achieved a transfusion independence rate of 39.8% (95% CI, 30.9%-49.3%) at 8 weeks compared with 15.0% (95% CI, 7.1%-26.6%) among patients (n = 60) who received placebo (P < .001). Moreover, the 24-week transfusion independence rates were 28.0% (95% CI, 20.1%-37.0%) and 3.3% (95% CI, 0.4%-11.5%), respectively (P < .001).

Additionally, the median transfusion- independence duration reported with imetelstat was approximately 1 year vs approximately 13 weeks with placebo via Kaplan-Meier estimates, indicating statistically significant durable transfusion independence for 8-week transfusion-independent responders (HR, 0.23). In the 24-week transfusion-independent responders who received imetelstat, the median transfusion independence duration was approximately 1.5 years.

These findings met the trial’s primary end point of percentage of patients without any red blood cell (RBC) transfusions during any consecutive 8-week period; the key secondary end point of percentage of patients without RBC transfusions in a 24-week period also was met.

“Durable transfusion independence [was observed] across the spectrum of patients,” Mascarenhas said. “That opens up the potential pathway for approval in MDS with a goal of addressing anemia. It’s interesting because in myelofibrosis we’re really [administering] it as a therapy to try to prolong survival in this very advanced sick patient population; MDS is sort of the other way around, [where it’s given] to patients and the goal is [management of] anemia, but even in that study they saw molecular responses.”

IMpactMF Looks to Solidify Imetelstat’s Place in Myelofibrosis

Following the positive findings from IMbark, investigators initiated the phase 3 randomized, open label, multicenter IMpactMF trial comparing the efficacy and safety of imetelstat with that of best available therapy (Figure1,5).

Figure. IMpactMF Phase 3 Trial Design1,5

The study aims to enroll a total of approximately 320 adult patients with intermediate-2 or high-risk myelofibrosis that is relapsed or refractory to treatment with a JAK inhibitor. Patients are eligible for enrollment if they have an ECOG performance status of 2 or less, have active myelofibrosis symptoms with a symptom score of at least 5 points according to the Myelofibrosis Symptom Assessment Form version 4.0, and have hematology and biochemical test values within the protocol defined limits. Patients with a peripheral blood blast count or a bone marrow blast count of 10% or more, with prior treatment with imetelstat, or who have undergone major surgery within 28 days prior to randomization will be excluded from enrollment.1,5

Eligible patients will be randomly assigned 2:1 to receive either imetelstat or best available therapy, which will consist of an investigator-selected nonJAK inhibitor treatment. Imetelstat at 9.4 mg/kg or best available therapy will be given every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity, treatment discontinuation, or study end. Patients in the control arm will have the option to cross over to receive imetelstat if they meet the protocol-defined criteria for progressive disease.

The primary end point is OS, and secondary end points include symptom response rate, progression-free survival, and spleen response rate. The trial is recruiting patients and is estimated to be completed in August 2025.

“This is [enrolling] patients who have really bad disease—it’s an unmet need; they don’t have excellent choices at that point [when they] are refractory to ruxolitinib,” Mascarenhas said. “I’m not aware of [other] studies in myelofibrosis where survival is an end point; usually it’s spleen and symptom benefit.

“We are in desperate need of therapies that can prolong survival in this patient population. For some patients, it might be a bridge to transplant, which is definitive and potentially curative. For other patients, it may simply be to improve survival, maybe improve their disease process default, [or] their malignant stem cell population. Maybe [other patients would] move on to other combination therapies—there are a lot of combination therapies moving forward in this space.”

References

  1. Mascarenhas J, Harrison C, Kiladjian JJ, et al. MYF3001: a randomized open label, phase 3 study to evaluate imetelstat versus best available therapy in patients with intermediate-2 or high-risk myelofibrosis relapsed/refractory to janus kinase inhibitor. Blood. 2022;140(suppl 1):6826-6829. doi:10.1182/blood-2022-160364
  2. Imetelstat. Geron. 2023. Accessed February 28, 2023. https://www.geron.com/research-and-development/imetelstat/
  3. Mascarenhas J, Komrokji RS, Palandri F, et al. Randomized, single-blind, multicenter phase II study of two doses of imetelstat in relapsed or refractory myelofibrosis. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(26):28812892. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.02864
  4. Geron announces positive top-line results from IMerge phase 3 trial of imetelstat in lower risk MDS. News release. Geron. January 4, 2023. Accessed March 1, 2023. https://ir.geron.com/investors/press-releases/press-release-details
  5. A study comparing imetelstat versus best available therapy for the treatment of intermediate-2 or high-risk myelofibrosis (MF) who have not responded to janus kinase (JAK)-inhibitor treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated January 13, 2023. Accessed March 1, 2023. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04576156

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Overview of Myelofibrosis and Risk Stratification

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Abdulraheem Yacoub, MD

Myelofibrosis, as a myeloproliferative neoplasm, is defined and characterized by JAK-STAT activation. Myeloproliferative neoplasms—particularly myelofibrosis—are dependent on JAK-STAT activation in the pathogenesis and clinical features, including proliferation, constitutional symptoms, and risk of transformation to higher-risk myeloid neoplasms. JAK-STAT activation can be the result of an acquired somatic JAK2 mutation, an acquired MPL mutation, an acquired CALR [calreticulin] mutation, or other unknown mutations that continue to be discovered as we go on.

[Regardless of] the driver mutation, it will result in the downstream STAT activation and uncontrolled proliferation and constitutional symptoms. Although the common pathway of pathogenesis is the same in the majority of patients with myelofibrosis, patients present with different clinical vignettes or subtypes. Classically, we’ve recognized the proliferative vs the cytopenic myelofibrosis, especially as the treatment pathways have diverged for these clinical subtypes. Cytopenic myelofibrosis has recently been recognized, particularly in patients who present with a uniquely low white blood cell count, severe-to-moderate thrombocytopenia, and severe-to-moderate anemia, including transfusion requirements.

Most patients who are cytopenic meet many of those cytopenic features, and this relates to the pathogens of these diseases. Because those patients are often primary vs secondary myelofibrosis, they’re often JAK2 mutated or triple negative. And they often have higher-risk karyotype, higher-risk mutations, and generally worse prognosis and high-risk transformation. Cytopenic myelofibrosis has been recognized because it carries a worse clinical presentation, more restrictions to the standard therapies for myelofibrosis, and worse prognosis in general. We’re fortunate that we have dedicated therapeutic options available commercially for those patients. That’s why we try to recognize them early, so we can address their diseases differently and more effectively.

Because many oncologists are very familiar with the staging of cancers, we often [give] a solid tumor a stage so we can describe it to patients, prescribe therapy, and provide prognosis for patients. In myelofibrosis, we use a calculator for risk assessment to define the prognostic risk for those patients, which serves the same purposes. One is for providing prognostic information for our patients. A second is for choosing the appropriate therapy. And third is also for clinical trial enrollment, to better define inclusion and exclusion criteria for those studies.

Prognostic models have evolved over time, from simple clinical prognostic models to more sophisticated, integrated models that include clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular data. We often use multiple prognostic calculators in each patient to serve different purposes. For example, our patient has an advanced age, which by all prognostic models adds a relatively negative prognostic value to these patients. She has circulating blasts. On the other hand, she’s not anemic or thrombocytopenic, which is favorable. She has symptoms that seem to be adverse in all prognostic models. She has a favorable cytogenic and molecular profile. By integrating all these variables, she has an intermediate-2 prognostic risk on the clinical features and an intermediate risk on the molecular-inspired prognostic scores. These prognostic scores provide a relative estimate of life expectancy of under 5 years on a clinical prognostic model without therapy. Of course, with modern therapy, patients do much better than they did in historical reports.

This creates a different therapeutic approach to these patients. Patients with relatively higher-risk disease, such as this patient, will advance into a more immediate intervention path. They should be advancing into earlier evaluation for curative-intent therapy. This will put heightened clinical attention on immediate intervention rather than a watch-and-wait approach, where you would implement that in patients with relatively lower-risk disease. This is an integrated and very essential step in every new case of myelofibrosis as we make that diagnosis and provide staging and prognostic value for our patients. In addition, these are dynamic scores, meaning that as patients live longer with their disease, they can potentially be reassessed for their prognosis. At different time intervals, they probably will transform, or advance into a high-risk category. Then we have to adapt to their new score and treat them differently. This is a dynamic tool that we need to apply every time the patient has a disease event or worsening of their clinical features.

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MorphoSys Completes Enrollment of Phase 3 MANIFEST-2 Study of Pelabresib in Myelofibrosis with Topline Results Expected by End of 2023

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MorphoSys Completes Enrollment of Phase 3 MANIFEST-2 Study of Pelabresib in Myelofibrosis with Topline Results Expected by End of 2023

Enrollment of Phase 3 frontMIND study of tafasitamab in first-line diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is also complete

MorphoSys AG (FSE: MOR; NASDAQ: MOR) announced today that enrollment is complete for MANIFEST-2, the ongoing Phase 3 study exploring the efficacy and safety of pelabresib, an investigational BET inhibitor, in combination with ruxolitinib versus ruxolitinib alone in patients with myelofibrosis who have not previously been treated with a JAK inhibitor (JAK inhibitor-naïve). The topline data are now expected by the end of 2023, earlier than previously anticipated.

Myelofibrosis – which belongs to a group of diseases called myeloproliferative disorders – is a difficult-to-treat form of blood cancer with limited treatment options. JAK inhibitors are a current standard of care treatment for myelofibrosis, which focus on relieving symptoms of the disease rather than treating its cause. But, with this treatment strategy, only about half of patients attain adequate disease control, and durability of response is often limited. Clinical data suggest synergistic effects between BET inhibition and JAK inhibition in myelofibrosis, supporting the potential of this combination therapy.

“With so many patients left behind by current treatment options for myelofibrosis, there is a critical need for regimens that elevate the standard of care for patients suffering from this debilitating disease,” said Tim Demuth, M.D., Ph.D., Chief Research and Development Officer, MorphoSys. “Now that MANIFEST-2 has completed enrollment earlier than anticipated, we look forward to the coming insights into the therapeutic potential of pelabresib in combination with ruxolitinib for JAK inhibitor-naïve patients with myelofibrosis. MANIFEST-2 is the latest milestone in our efforts to improve outcomes for blood cancer patients and is a testament to our continued commitment to the myelofibrosis community.”

MANIFEST-2 is a global, multicenter, double-blind, Phase 3 study of more than 400 patients who were naïve to JAK inhibitors. Patients were randomized 1:1 to pelabresib in combination with ruxolitinib or placebo plus ruxolitinib. The primary endpoint of the trial is the proportion of patients who achieve a 35% or greater reduction in spleen volume at week 24 (known as SVR35). Reduction in spleen size is an important clinical endpoint in myelofibrosis because spleen enlargement reflects disease activity and can cause significant pain and discomfort.

The key secondary endpoint is the proportion of patients achieving a 50% or greater improvement in total symptom score, as measured by the Myelofibrosis Symptom Assessment Form v4.0, at week 24. Patients with myelofibrosis experience a severely diminished quality of life due to symptoms such as severe fatigue, fever and weight loss. The Myelofibrosis Symptom Assessment Form is a validated self-assessment tool designed specifically for myelofibrosis patients that can track changes in these symptoms.

The MANIFEST-2 trial is supported by findings from the Phase 2 MANIFEST trial of pelabresib in combination with ruxolitinib in patients with myelofibrosis, including those who were JAK inhibitor-naïve. Updated results from MANIFEST presented at the American Society of Hematology 2022 Annual Meeting and Exposition suggest that pelabresib in combination with ruxolitinib provided prolonged improvement in both spleen size and symptom severity at and beyond 24 weeks.

Enrollment of the Phase 3 frontMIND study is also complete, with more than 880 patients enrolled in the trial. frontMIND is a global, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial exploring tafasitamab, marketed in the U.S. as Monjuvi® and outside the U.S. by Incyte as Minjuvi®, plus lenalidomide in addition to R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) versus R-CHOP alone as a first-line treatment for high-intermediate and high-risk patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The topline data from this study are expected in the second half of 2025.
About Pelabresib

Pelabresib (CPI-0610) is an investigational selective small molecule designed to promote anti-tumor activity by inhibiting the function of bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins to decrease the expression of abnormally expressed genes in cancer. Pelabresib is being investigated as a treatment for myelofibrosis and has not yet been evaluated or approved by any regulatory authorities.

About Myelofibrosis

Myelofibrosis – one of a group of diseases called myeloproliferative disorders – is a difficult-to-treat form of blood cancer that’s characterized by bone marrow fibrosis (a buildup of scar tissue in the bone marrow), spleen enlargement and anemia (low red blood cell counts) often requiring periodic blood transfusions. Patients with myelofibrosis can also suffer from a range of physical symptoms, including severe fatigue, night sweats, itching, increased bleeding and significant pain caused by their enlarged spleen. For many living with myelofibrosis, the combination of symptoms often severely impacts their quality of life. At diagnosis, several factors, such as age, genetics and bloodwork, help determine a patient’s long-term prognosis. About 90% of newly diagnosed patients have intermediate- to high-risk disease, which has a worse prognosis and a higher likelihood of disease-associated symptoms. Today, myelofibrosis treatments revolve around the use of medications called JAK inhibitors, which focus on relieving symptoms of myelofibrosis rather than treating its cause. But with this strategy, only about 50% of patients achieve adequate symptom control, and, unfortunately, that relief fades with time for many. Patients suffering from myelofibrosis are in critical need of treatment options that not only address their symptoms but also change the overall course of their disease.

About MANIFEST-2

MANIFEST-2 (NCT04603495) is a global, double-blind, randomized Phase 3 clinical trial with pelabresib in combination with ruxolitinib versus placebo plus ruxolitinib in JAK inhibitor-naïve patients with myelofibrosis. The primary endpoint of the study is a 35% or greater reduction in spleen volume (SVR35) from baseline at 24 weeks. The key secondary endpoint of the study is a 50% or greater improvement in total symptom score (TSS50) from baseline at 24 weeks. Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a MorphoSys company, is the MANIFEST-2 trial sponsor.

About MANIFEST

MANIFEST (NCT02158858) is an open-label Phase 2 clinical trial of pelabresib in patients with myelofibrosis. The MANIFEST trial is evaluating pelabresib in combination with ruxolitinib in JAK-inhibitor-naïve myelofibrosis patients (Arm 3), with a primary endpoint of the proportion of patients with a ≥35% spleen volume reduction from baseline (SVR35) after 24 weeks of treatment. The trial is also evaluating pelabresib either as a monotherapy in patients who are resistant to, intolerant of, or ineligible for ruxolitinib and no longer on the drug (Arm 1) or as add-on therapy in combination with ruxolitinib in patients with a suboptimal response to ruxolitinib or myelofibrosis progression (Arm 2). Patients in Arms 1 and 2 are being stratified based on transfusion-dependent (TD) status. The primary endpoint for the patients in cohorts 1A and 2A, who were TD at baseline, is conversion to transfusion independence for 12 consecutive weeks. The primary endpoint for patients in cohorts 1B and 2B, who were not TD at baseline, is the proportion of patients with a ≥35% spleen volume reduction from baseline after 24 weeks of treatment. Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a MorphoSys company, is the MANIFEST trial sponsor.

About Monjuvi® (tafasitamab-cxix)

Tafasitamab is a humanized Fc-modified CD19 targeting immunotherapy. In 2010, MorphoSys licensed exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize tafasitamab from Xencor, Inc. Tafasitamab incorporates an XmAb® engineered Fc domain, which mediates B-cell lysis through apoptosis and immune effector mechanism including Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Phagocytosis (ADCP).

In the United States, Monjuvi® (tafasitamab-cxix) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in combination with lenalidomide for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory DLBCL not otherwise specified, including DLBCL arising from low grade lymphoma, and who are not eligible for autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on overall response rate. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial(s).

In Europe, Minjuvi® (tafasitamab) received conditional marketing authorization in combination with lenalidomide, followed by Minjuvi monotherapy, for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who are not eligible for autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT).

Tafasitamab is being clinically investigated as a therapeutic option in B-cell malignancies in several ongoing combination trials.

Monjuvi® and Minjuvi® are registered trademarks of MorphoSys AG. Tafasitamab is co-marketed by Incyte and MorphoSys under the brand name Monjuvi® in the U.S., and marketed by Incyte under the brand name Minjuvi® in Europe and Canada.

XmAb® is a registered trademark of Xencor, Inc.

Important Safety Information

What are the possible side effects of MONJUVI?
MONJUVI may cause serious side effects, including:

– Infusion reactions. Your healthcare provider will monitor you for infusion reactions during your infusion of MONJUVI. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get fever, chills, rash, flushing, headache, or shortness of breath during an infusion of MONJUVI.

– Low blood cell counts (platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells). Low blood cell counts are common with MONJUVI, but can also be serious or severe. Your healthcare provider will monitor your blood counts during treatment with MONJUVI. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get a fever of 100.4 F (38 C) or above, or any bruising or bleeding.

– Infections. Serious infections, including infections that can cause death, have happened in people during treatments with MONJUVI and after the last dose. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get a fever of 100.4 F (38 C) or above, or develop any signs and symptoms of an infection.

The most common side effects of MONJUVI include:

– Feeling tired or weak

– Diarrhea

– Cough

– Fever

– Swelling of lower legs or hands

– Respiratory tract infection

– Decreased appetite

These are not all the possible side effects of MONJUVI.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Before you receive MONJUVI, tell your healthcare provider about all your medical conditions, including if you:

– Have an active infection or have had one recently.

– Are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. MONJUVI may harm your unborn baby. You should not become pregnant during treatment with MONJUVI. Do not receive treatment with MONJUVI in combination with lenalidomide if you are pregnant because lenalidomide can cause birth defects and death of your unborn baby.

– You should use an effective method of birth control (contraception) during treatment and for at least 3 months after your final dose of MONJUVI.

– Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant or think that you may be pregnant during treatment with MONJUVI.

– Are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if MONJUVI passes into your breastmilk. Do not breastfeed during treatment for at least 3 months after your last dose of MONJUVI.

You should also read the lenalidomide Medication Guide for important information about pregnancy, contraception, and blood and sperm donation.

Tell your healthcare provider about all the medications you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at (800) FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. You may also report side effects to MORPHOSYS US INC. at (844) 667-1992.

Please see the full Prescribing Information for MONJUVI, including Patient Information, for additional Important Safety Information.

About Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)

DLBCL is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults worldwide, characterized by rapidly growing masses of malignant B-cells in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow or other organs. It is an aggressive disease with about 40% of patients not responding to initial therapy or relapsing thereafter, leading to a high medical need for new, effective therapies, especially for patients who are not eligible for an autologous stem cell transplant in this setting.

About frontMIND

The frontMIND (NCT04824092) trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, global Phase 3 clinical study in previously untreated high-intermediate and high-risk DLBCL patients that is conducted in partnership with the German Lymphoma Association (GLA), the Italian Lymphoma study group and the US Oncology Network. The study enrolled more than 880 DLBCL patients to receive either tafasitamab plus lenalidomide in addition to rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP) or R-CHOP alone. The primary endpoint is investigator-assessed progression-free survival, according to Lugano 2014 criteria, and key secondary endpoints include event-free survival by investigator, overall survival, metabolic complete response rate by a Blinded Independent Review Committee, and overall response rate.

About MorphoSys

At MorphoSys, we are driven by our mission: More life for people with cancer. As a global commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company, we develop and deliver innovative medicines to patients, aspiring to redefine how cancer is treated. MorphoSys is headquartered in Planegg, Germany, and has its U.S. operations anchored in Boston, Massachusetts. To learn more, visit us at www.morphosys.com and follow us on Twitter and LinkedIn.

Forward Looking Statements

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Clonal architecture evolution in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: from a driver mutation to a complex heterogeneous mutational and phenotypic landscape

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  • Nabih Maslah, Lina Benajiba, Stephane Giraudier, Jean-Jacques Kiladjian & Bruno Cassinat

Leukemia (2023)

Abstract

Myeloproliferative neoplasms are characterized by the acquisition at the hematopoietic stem cell level of driver mutations targeting the JAK/STAT pathway. In addition, they also often exhibit additional mutations targeting various pathways such as intracellular signalling, epigenetics, mRNA splicing or transcription. The natural history of myeloproliferative neoplasms is usually marked by a chronic phase of variable duration depending on the disease subtype, which can be followed by an accelerated phase or transformation towards more aggressive diseases such as myelofibrosis or acute leukemia. Besides, recent studies revealed important new information about the rates and mechanisms of sequential acquisition and selection of mutations in hematopoietic cells of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Better understanding of these events has been made possible in large part with the help of novel techniques that are now available to precisely decipher at the single cell level both the clonal architecture and the mutation-induced cell modifications. In this review, we will summarize the most recent knowledge about the mechanisms leading to clonal selection, how clonal architecture complexity can explain disease heterogeneity, and the impact of clonal evolution on clinical evolution.

Introduction

BCR::ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) include essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). In these chronic hematological malignancies, the main short-term risk is the occurrence of thrombosis but a subset of patients may also evolve into secondary myelofibrosis, myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia in the long run. However, the risk of long term evolution is heterogeneous between MPN subtypes: recent retrospective studies suggest that a high proportion of PV patients (up to 75% in 13 years) may experience progression to secondary myelofibrosis or AML [1], while in ET only a minority of patients experience clonal evolution and deterioration of MPN. The clinical course of MPNs is therefore characterized by a hitherto not fully understood nor accurately predicted inter-patient heterogeneity.

In the recent years, disease heterogeneity has been mainly linked to the diversity of genetic lesions found in patients’ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Indeed, MPNs represent a model of sequential acquisition of genetic abnormalities over time, allowing the study of the influence of environmental and intrinsic factors on tumor shape. Numerous studies have shown that precise genetic characterization of the disease can help to evaluate its prognosis [2] as the number and type of mutations are the main criteria considered to predict the outcome of patients. Indeed, recent prognostic scoring systems include the mutational pattern [3,4,5]. Dissecting the prognostic impact of diverse molecular markers allows a better understanding of the heterogeneity of tumor cells and demonstrates its predominant role in MPN evolution. Furthermore, implementation of new sequencing techniques at the single-cell level allows more precise characterization of complex molecular patterns associated with disease heterogeneity. Despite an improved understanding of the clonal architecture of MPNs over the past years, the mechanisms leading to clonal selection once the mutations are acquired remain poorly understood. In several types of cancers, a clear role of the microenvironment has been demonstrated in the selection of mutations. Specific clones harboring particular mutations may be selected due to inter-clone competition for nutrients or to the presence of an inflammatory environment. The drugs received during the chronic phase of the disease can also participate in clonal selection, which may be of particular importance in MPN patients who often require lifelong treatments. The aims of this review are to recapitulate the current knowledge of the different molecular lesions acquired in MPNs, highlight their impact on disease evolution and discuss the processes influencing their selection and expansion over time.

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Rusfertide Improves Responses, Meets Primary End Point of REVIVE Trial in Polycythemia Vera

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Caroline Seymour

Treatment with rusfertide led to a higher response rate of 69.2% vs 18.5% with placebo in patients with polycythemia vera, meeting the primary end point of the phase 2 REVIVE trial.

Treatment with rusfertide (PTG-300), a subcutaneous injectable hepcidin mimetic, led to a higher response rate of 69.2% vs 18.5% with placebo in patients with polycythemia vera (PV), meeting the primary end point of the phase 2 REVIVE trial (NCT04057040; P = .0003).1

Responders included those who completed 12 weeks of double-blind treatment while maintaining hematocrit control without meeting criteria for phlebotomy or undergoing phlebotomy.

“Participants in our studies who required frequent phlebotomy, with or without cytoreductives, have now been treated with rusfertide for more than two years, remaining largely phlebotomy free,” Arturo Molina, MD, MS, chief medical officer of Protagonist, said in a press release. “Data from the REVIVE study suggest that rusfertide treatment results in a highly statistically significant reduction in the need for therapeutic phlebotomy in phlebotomy-dependent patients, leading to rapid, sustained, and durable control of hematocrit levels below 45%. Part 2 of REVIVE, the randomized withdrawal study, yielded no new safety findings while confirming previously reported efficacy and safety findings observed in the open-label portion of REVIVE [part 1].”

“These randomized withdrawal data from the REVIVE study indicate a dramatic difference in the experience of the treatment group versus the placebo group,” Ronald Hoffman, MD, the Albert A. and Vera G. List Professor of Medicine (Hematology and Oncology), director of the Myeloproliferative Research Program at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and principal investigator of the study, said. “With robust and strongly positive results observed across a diverse set of patients, we now have further confirmation of rusfertide’s potential to serve as an important future treatment option for patients with PV.”

Patients with PV who have hematocrit levels above 45% are at a greater risk of thrombosis. Standard therapy for these patients includes therapeutic phlebotomy alone or in combination with cytoreductive agents. However, current therapies are not effective in reducing hematocrit levels below 45% and are not all well tolerated. Rusfertide is a hepcidin mimetic being developed as a non-cytoreductive option to maintain hematocrit levels below 45% in patients with PV.2

The phase 2 study enrolled patients with excessive erythrocytosis despite therapeutic phlebotomy (3 or more in the 6 months prior to enrolling) with or without cytoreductive therapy with a hematocrit level below 45% at study entry.

Eligible participants were first treated in a 28-week, open-label, dose-titration and efficacy evaluation phase (part 1).1 Patients administered rusfertide in doses ranging from 10 mg to 120 mg weekly. Doses were adjusted each month to maintain hematocrit levels below 45%.2

Afterward, patients (n = 53) were randomly assigned 1:1 to rusfertide or placebo for another 12 weeks as part of the double-blind, placebo-controlled phase (part 2). Patients in this cohort had frequent phlebotomy requirements. Notably, 92.3% (n = 24/26) of patients in this cohort treated with rusfertide remained free from phlebotomy (P = .0003).

Additionally, the change from moderate or severe Myeloproliferative Neoplasm-Symptom Assessment Form (MPN-SAF) symptom scores at baseline was statistically significant in fatigue, problems with concentration, inactivity, and itching during the 28-week, open-label portion of part 1 of the study.

A comparison of symptom assessments in part 2 was not made because most patients administered placebo had discontinued treatment prior to the 12-week MPN-SAF symptom assessment.

“All study subjects who participated in the REVIVE clinical trial had been previously unsuccessful in controlling their hematocrit using standard-of-care therapies alone,” Andrew Kuykendall, MD, Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffit Cancer Center, added. “These new data from REVIVE provide important insights into the role that rusfertide can potentially have within a future PV treatment paradigm, supporting patients and their physicians in achieving the treatment goal of hematocrit below 45%, in step with current National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines.”

Regarding safety, the agent was well tolerated, and no new adverse effects (AEs) were reported since the safety analysis was presented at the 2022 ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition. The most common AEs were localized injection site reactions.

Rusfertide is also under study in the ongoing, phase 3 VERIFY trial (NCT05210790) vs placebo in patients with PV maintaining hematocrit control and in improving symptoms of disease.3

“The new randomized withdrawal data confirm our previous efficacy and safety findings of rusfertide in PV and support our strong conviction that rusfertide can be a potentially transformational therapeutic option for polycythemia vera,” Dinesh V. Patel, PhD, president and chief executive officer of Protagonist, said. “With the completion of the REVIVE study, the company’s topmost priority continues to be execution of the 250-patient global, pivotal, phase 3 VERIFY study in PV. The Protagonist team continues to work with full dedication alongside investigators, site staff and other partners with the shared aim of bringing this important potential therapy to PV patients.”

References

  1. Protagonist Therapeutics announces highly statistically significant results from the randomized withdrawal portion of the REVIVE study of rusfertide in polycythemia vera. News release. Protagonist Therapeutics. March 15, 2023. Accessed April 3, 2023. https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/protagonist-therapeutics-announces-highly-statistically-113000427.html
  2. Hoffman R, Ginzburg Y, Kremyanskaya M, et al. Rusfertide (PTG-300) treatment in phlebotomy-dependent polycythemia vera patients. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(suppl 16):7003. doi:10.1200/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.7003
  3. A phase 3 study of rusfertide in patients with polycythemia vera (VERIFY). ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated March 28, 2023. Accessed April 3, 2023. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05210790

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Secreted Mutant Calreticulins Act as Cytokines in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

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March 29, 2023

Lauren Dembeck, PhD

Mutant calreticulin (CALR) resulting from a frameshift mutation becomes a “rogue cytokine,” pathologically activating the thrombopoietin receptor (TpoR), driving proliferation of hematopoietic cells in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), according to research published in Blood. The findings suggest the level of circulating mutant CALR proteins could potentially be used as a biomarker for risk stratification of CALR-mutated MPNs.

The researchers used a combination of molecular and cell-based assays as well as microscopy studies to evaluate whether secreted mutant CALRs act in a paracrine or autocrine manner to activate the TpoR of adjacent cells and whether this “rogue cytokine” effect is relevant to MPN pathogenesis.

Using 159 plasma samples from patients with MPN, the researchers discovered that mutant CALR proteins are secreted. They detected soluble mutant CALR in 106 of 111 (95%) patients at levels up to 160 ng/mL in patient plasma, with a mean level of 25.64 ng/mL.

In cases where mutational CALR burden and clinical diagnosis data were available (n=57), the team demonstrated that plasma levels of soluble mutant CALR were directly correlated with the allele burdens in the patients’ blood (r2=0.43; P <.0001).

To study the functional relevance of extracellular mutant CALR, the researchers immunoprecipitated the plasma from 5 patients with MPN and 5 control participants without MPN and analyzed the precipitating proteins using mass spectrometry. They found that plasma mutant CALR is found in complex with soluble transferrin receptor 1 (sTFR1), and that this carrier protein complex increases mutant CALR half-life.

They went on to demonstrate that recombinant mutant CALR proteins are able to bind and activate the TpoR in cell lines and primary megakaryocytic progenitors from patients with mutated CALR in which they drive thrombopoietin-independent colony formation.

Using an assay able to assess protein interactions in cultured cells (HEK293), the researchers demonstrated that mutant CALR proteins produced in 1 cell specifically interact with the TpoR on different target cell. Compared with cells that only carry TpoR, they found that cells carrying both TpoR and mutant CALR are hypersensitive to exogenous mutant CALR and respond to levels of mutant CALR that are similar to those found in patient plasma.

To test the cytokine effect of CALR, the team treated primary cells from patients with MPN carrying CALR mutations or JAK2 V617F or from healthy control participants with mutant or wildtype CALR. They demonstrated that the secreted mutant CALR induces a significant increase in megakaryocyte colony formation for patients with CALR mutations but not for patients with JAK2 V617F or healthy control participants.

“To our knowledge, this work is the first to demonstrate that circulating mutant CALR proteins can exert a rogue cytokine activity on cells that express the TpoR,” the authors wrote in their report. “Our finding that mutant CALR proteins act as rogue cytokines could open new perspectives for treating patients with CALR-mutated MPNs.”

Disclosure: Some study authors declared affiliations with biotech, pharmaceutical, or device companies. Please see the original reference for a full list of authors’ disclosures. 

Reference

Pecquet C, Papadopoulos N, Balligand T, et al. Secreted mutant calreticulins as rogue cytokines in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood. 2023;141(8):917-929. doi:10.1182/blood.2022016846

Discussing the Ever-Changing MPN Treatment Landscape

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Andrew Kuykendall, MD

Andrew Kuykendall, MD, an assistant member at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center of University of South Florida in Tampa, FL, discusses some of the most recent approvals seen in the myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) space.

Ruxolitinib (Jakafi) was the first JAK1/2 inhibitor to receive FDA approval for the treatment of MPNs. Others, including fedratinib (Inrebic) and pacritinib (Vonjo), have since gained FDA approval, and are showing benefit for this patient population.

Transcription:

0:08 | With ropeginterferon, for a long time, we’ve been using interferon formulations within polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia, maybe to a lesser extent within myelofibrosis. This is going back to the 90s. We know that it’s effective, it can help control counts, and we have seen in small numbers of patients that it may be able to decrease the JAK2 allele burden and potentially could correlate with delayed disease progression and potential disease modification. That’s something that has been exciting to patients.

0:42 | Historically, interferon has been challenged by toxicity, especially the short acting forms. As we got pegylated interferon, we had longer acting, better tolerated, and lower doses, and patients stayed on for a longer period of time, did better, could appreciate some of those durable responses that you get when you’re on long term therapy. With ropeginterferon, we’ve now got an approved agent as opposed to using something off-label. It’s given less frequently, so every 2 weeks, and we have seen good long-term data with more robust datasets that have shown the ability to decrease allele fractions and JAK2 mutations. What that’s brought to the table is something not completely new, because we’ve been using interferons, but something that has stronger data to support it. It’s something that we can use as an approved on-label medication for many patients. I think it’s gotten patients very excited about potentially having something that can alter the natural history of disease.

1:40 | Pacritinib on the other hand is something that was approved for an unmet need. It’s an accelerated approval for patients with thrombocytopenia with less than 50,000 platelets, and for those patients, we don’t have many great options. We have ruxolitinib and fedratinib that are approved, but typically, they’ve been given in patients with over 50,000 platelets. We have struggled to treat these patients with lower platelet counts. Pacritinib has great data in the PERSIST-1 trial and PERSIST-2 trials [NCT01773187; NCT02055781], and in the ongoing PACIFICA study [NCT03165734]. It shows that it can be safely leveraged in these patients with lower platelet counts. We were happy to get the accelerated approval because now, we have an option for those patients, and we’re not having to do things off-label or give modified doses. Now, we have something we can fully dose and bring an effective treatment for these patients that have an unmet need.

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Hydroxyurea Does Not Appear to Increase Second Malignancy Risk in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

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March 28, 2023

Jonathan Goodman, MPhil

Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) treated with hydroxyurea do not appear to have a higher risk of secondary malignancies (SMs), according to research published in Blood Advances.

Classical Philadelphia chromosome-negative MPNs, which include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary/secondary myelofibrosis (MF), are linked with an annual risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) of up to 20%.

Previous research has suggested, furthermore, that the use of hydroxyurea — a myelosuppressive agent used as a cytoreductive therapy in the MPN setting — may increase the risk of SMs through interference with DNA synthesis.

For this population-based study, researchers evaluated data from patients with MPNs including PV, ET, and MF to determine whether a link exists between hydroxyurea and SM development, whether hematologic or solid.

Overall, data from 4023 patients with an MPN were included, of whom 2683 had received hydroxyurea. The most common diagnosis was ET (49.1%), while 42% of patients had PV and 8.9% of patients had MF. The median age in the cohort was 77 years, 61.3% of patients were female sex, and 24% of patients had had a previous cancer. All data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Medicare-linked database.

The median follow-up was 3.25 years. At this point, 489 patients in the overall cohort had developed an SM, which included solid (346 cases), lymphoid (73 cases), and myeloid (70 cases) malignancies.

Analysis showed that, among those treated with hydroxyurea, the cumulative incidence of SM was 19.88%, compared with 22.31% not treated with hydroxyurea (P <.01 on a Gray’s test). No differences, furthermore, were noted in the incidence of solid or specific hematologic SMs (P =.3) between the 2 groups.

“[Hydroxyurea] use in older patients with MPN was not associated with an increased incidence of SM overall or AML…specifically, supporting [hydroxyurea] as the preferred cytoreductive option for this patient population,” the authors wrote in their report. “However, a longer follow-up may be necessary to confirm these findings.”

Disclosure: Some study authors declared affiliations with biotech, pharmaceutical, or device companies. Please see the original reference for a full list of authors’ disclosures. 

Reference

Wang R, Shallis RM, Stempel JM, et al. Second malignancies among older patients with classical myeloproliferative neoplasms treated with hydroxyurea. Blood Adv. 2023;7(5):734-743. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008259

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Immunosuppressive Therapies, Comorbidities Heighten COVID-19 Risk in People With MPNs

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Jared Kaltwasser

Older age was also a risk factor for hospitalization and death in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) who contract COVID-19, the investigators found.

People with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) who contract COVID-19 have particularly poor outcomes, according to a new study, especially if they have a history of taking immunotherapies or are older than 70 years of age.

The report, published in Therapeutic Advances in Hematology, suggests better strategies are needed to help protect this patient group if they are exposed to viruses such as SARS-CoV-2.

Corresponding author Jon Salmanton-García, of the University of Cologne, and colleagues, noted that people with Philadelphia-negative MPN face a higher risk of infections generally, but they said factors such as medications and comorbidities can affect a patient’s level of risk.

Previous research has suggested that people with MPN face 3 times the risk of infection compared to the general population, and the investigators said that data point alone suggests patients with MPN could be more likely to experience severe cases of COVID-19.

In the new study, Salmanton-García and colleagues wanted to better understand how a patient’s previous therapies and other clinical characteristics might affect their disease course when they were diagnosed with COVID-19. To find out, they turned to an international cooperative registry, dubbed EPICOVIDEHA, which was launched in February 2020 by a working group of the European Hematology Association.

The team identified a total of 398 patients with MPN who were diagnosed with COVID-19 since the start of the database. Those patients had a median age of 69 years, and they were followed for a median follow-up period of 76 days.

The largest proportion of the cohort was diagnosed with myelofibrosis (MF; 46%), while 28.4% had essential thrombocythemia (ET), and 25.6% of patients had a diagnosis of polycythemia vera (PV).

In terms of medication history, 37.2% of patients had most recently received hydroxyurea as therapy for their cancer, and 27.9% had most recently taken Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. Other types of therapies reported by patients included immunomodulating agents and steroids.

A majority of patients in the cohort eventually required hospitalization for their COVID-19 (54%). Of those hospitalized, one quarter were admitted to the intensive care unit, and 29 patients required mechanical ventilation, the investigators said.

Patients with exposure to immunosuppressive therapies prior to COVID-19 onset had a higher risk of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR], 2.186; 95% CI, 1.357-3.519), as did people who were over the age of 70 years (OR, 2.636; 95% CI, 1.683-4.129).

Nearly one-quarter (22.4%) of the cohort died during the follow-up period. Again, older age and exposure to immunosuppressive therapies increased the risk to patients, as did previous comorbidities.

Turning toward potential strategies to improve outcomes for these patients, Salmanton-García and colleagues noted that COVID-19 vaccines have helped to reduce the risk of severe disease, but they said the risks remain high in patients with blood cancers.

The authors said they believe their study to be the first to find that previous exposure to immunosuppressive agents are an independent risk factor for hospitalization and death in patients with COVID-19.

“Specific preventative strategies need, thus, to be tailored for these individuals at risk, including application of potentially protective preventative antibody cocktails as well as meaningful tapering strategies for MPN patients pretreated with JAK inhibitors,” they wrote.

The authors said more data will be needed to more fully understand the interplay of certain therapies, MPNs, and COVID-19 risk, including data on how vaccination might affect risk.

In the meantime, they said clinicians should carefully consider these factors when making therapeutic decisions related to patients with MPNs.

Reference

Marchetti M, Salmanton-García J, El-Ashwah S, et al. Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Ph-neg chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms: results from the EPICOVIDEHA registry. Ther Adv Hematol. Published online March 11, 2023. doi:10.1177/20406207231154706

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